This is the background paper of the 26th ALNAP Meeting in Kuala Lumpur (16?17 November 2010). The paper explores the relationships between international humanitarian actors and national governments in disaster?affected countries and how these are shifting in response to changes both in national capacities and in the causes of crisis and vulnerability. This issue focuses on two major points: First, governments are increasingly asserting their sovereignty in relation to disaster relief. And second, despite their commitments to support the host government, recent disaster responses have demonstrated the continuing failure of international systems to work effectively with national authorities.