Both water supply and electricity services in Madagascar are provided mainly through the combined utility, JIRAMA. Problems with JIRAMA ‘s ability to provide both services led to a program of utility and sector reform in the late 1990s through to the present. The reforms included a restructuring of JIRAMA to conform to commercial principles, promulgation of a new Water Law (1999), and all related by-laws (by 2005). A rate have gradually increased, although not to cost recovery levels, and in 2005 a Service Contract was put in place to address some of JIRAMA’s institutional weaknesses including financial management, investment planning, and operational strategies. Legislation passed to allow for a distinct regulatory agency, but regulatory functions are still practiced by the Ministry of Energy and Mining.